An Idea

[austintorn@aol.com]

(more from Zanelli)

String Theory Cosmology and the BIVERSE

In General Relativity gravitational collapse
For a mass above the Schwarzchild mass limit
Results in a prediction of
The creation of a singularity,
A point of infinite mass density.

However, I think it fair to say
That most Physicists, Cosmologists, etc.,
Regard this prediction
As a failure of General relativity
Rather than a physical reality.

In fact, cosmological models invoke
Various Instanton structures
Near or at the Planck scale
Where time is wick rotated
To produce a smooth curve,
Rather than a singular point.

For closed Universes Cosmologies
This gives us a well behaved solution.

However, various forms of singular points
Persist for open Universe Cosmologies,
Though milder than the classical GR singularity.

However, in this post, the question of open
Or closed Universes will be quite beside the point.

It is well known that in Loop Quantum Gravity
Space time singularities are impossible
For the same reason we don't see
The ultraviolet divergence in Black Bodies
That is the parameters of interest,
In this case space and time, are quantified.

In addition, LQG predicts a bounce
Under extreme contraction,
Resulting in the foliation of a new Universe.

As we shall see, the same basic prediction
Emerges from M-Theory/ String theory.

In this post we will look at, in very broad terms,
A proposal by M. Gasperini and G. Veneziano
Which makes this prediction.

We shall also explore the possible implications
Of this based on the expanded particle states
Predicted by Bob Klauber, myself and others.

The proposal put forward by Gasperini and Veneziano
Is based on the principle of Scale Factor Duality
Which is a basic reformulation of T Duality,
A symmetry useful in unifying
Various versions of String Theory.

Scale factor Duality was first proposed by Veneziano,
Who expanded on the work of Robert Brandenberger
And Cumrun Vafa on the cosmological implications of T Duality.

An important parameter in String Theory
Is the String scale parameter, known as alphaprime.
This is so named because the Scalar field,
The Dilaton, ( Graviscalar) that sets this scale
Is coupled to the Electromagnetic field,
Which sets the basic string scale.

So in terms of the Planck scale we have;

G*M_plk^2*alpha/(hbar*c)= G*M_str^2/(hbar*c)


M_str= M_plk*sqrt[alpha]= approx M_plk/ 11.7

L_stg= approx 11.7*L_plk = sqrt[alphaprime]

In string theory there are two
Fundamental oscillation modes for strings,
Vibration mode where the string exists unbound in space
And winding modes where the Strin
Is wound around the compact dimension.

However, in actuality these string modes
Are dual to each other.
This removes the distinction between
Compact Dimension and large Dimension.
The energy of this string modes are given by;


E_vib= N/R & E_w= N* R/Alphaprime.


Therefore in one regime
(I will expand on what regime means in due time)
We have;


a= hbar*c*Alphaprime/2*R' + hbar*c*R/2 = 1/R +R


And in the Dual regime

a'= hbar*c*R'/2 + hbar*c*alphaprime/2*R = R +1/R


Although T Duality is usually described
In terms of cylindrical spaces,
Which one dimension is finite,
A variant of it applies
To our ordinary three dimensions,
As demonstrated by Veneziano.

One must be careful about talking about
The expansion of an infinite space.
Its overall size cannot change,
It remains infinite,
But it can still expand in the sense
That bodies imbedded within it
Move away from each other.

The crucial variable in the well know scale factor.
Based on T Duality,
Universes with large scale factors
Are equivalent to Universe with small scale factors.

For years String theorists thought that T duality
Only applied to closed strings
As opposed to open strings.

But as Demonstrated by Polchinsky,
T duality applies to Open Strings,
Based on the Dirchlet Boundary
Condition of Membranes.

In M Theory Open Strings have their end points
(where their charges reside)
On special Branes call D-Branes.
In effect, open Strings
Are completely dual to closed strings.

One observer’s open string
Is another observer’s closed string.
(Of course Strings can't really be observed)
Veneziano realized that this allowed
The generalization of T Duality
Into scale factor Duality.
Therefore we can write;


a= hbar*c*R'/2

a'= hbar*c*alphaprime/2*R


The special insight of Gasperini and Veneziano
Was that these equations described
The relationship of cosmic time
To the scale factor.

As in well known in String theory
A contracting space for a vibration mode string
Is an expanding mode for a winding string.
And given the perfect duality
Of these string modes,
These equations were in fact describing
Two time reversed Universes.
Therefore the following transforms became true,
Based on String theory;


T*a to 1/a'

T*a(t) = a'(-t)


This means that Dual to every contraction
To an apparent Singularity exists
A new expanding Universe,
Foliating its own space time.

And likewise,
Dual to the expansion
Of our own Universe
Is a contracting Universe.

This would also apply to Black Holes.
Inside an event horizon
We find that space and time swap roles.

The expected Singularity at the center
Of a black hole is really a point in time.
Our own Universe might have been born
In the interior of a black hole.

However, while a bit mind boggling
It must be kept in mind that in
This scenario every Big Bang Expansion
Based on Scale Factor Duality
Must have a twin contracting Universe,
A Universe from its past.

What else can we say about the relationship
Of these dual time reversed Universes?
To answer this question we will see how
The expanded particle states mentioned earlier
Might relate to this question.


While not generally acknowledged
In most QFT text books,
The relativistic, Klein-Gordon,
The Proca, the Dirac and the Dirac-like
Spin 3/2 equations have well defined
Negative frequency solutions.

These "extra" solutions,
Hereafter called the Supplemental solutions
(As opposed to the Traditional solutions)
Are generally ignored in QFT.

The reason for this, as pointed out by Pauli,
Is that these solutions cannot relate
To any real physical particle.

A QFT not bound from below is pure nonsense.

However, in recent years,
These "unphysical" solutions have been revived
And applied to the Zero Point Energy problem
And to the possibility of Time Reversed Universes
Created at the Big Bang.

Sakharov, Linde, Klauber, Moffat,
Sundrum and Randel, T'Hooft,
Myself as well as others
Have proposed various models
Which attempt to incorporate
These extra solutions,
While still keeping QFT
Safely bound from below.

It is beyond the scope of this post
To go into detail on this.
This topic has been well covered
In previous posts.
Of course it is far from certain
That any of these efforts
Make a convincing argument.


Nevertheless, we shall proceed
And see how these supplemental solutions
Possibly relate to the Gasperini-Veneziano proposal.

For simplicity I write the Scalar Field equation in natural units.


(&_mu&^mu+mu^2)*phi=0

Where & means partial derivative.

From this is trivial to see that we have the solutions;

psi= exp[-i*(w*t-k*x)

psi= exp[ i*(w*t-k*x)


However, in addition we have another set of solutions.


psi=exp[-i*(w*t +k*x)


psi= exp[i*(w*t+k*x)


Note while these don't appear covariant
A different sign conventions reveals that they in fact are.


We can write this expanded particle state in a very beautiful symmetry.


c=1

t_0=1

E=gamma*m

p=gamma*m*v

gamma= E/m

tau=t/gamma

t=m/E

v= P/E

S=v*t

Traditional States

*********************************

+S +T Quadrant

MATTER w(+) & k(+) (Positive Energy into Future)


t (+)= m(+)/E(+)

v (+)=P(+)/E(+)

gamma (+) = E(+)/m(+)

E (+) = gamma (+)*m (+)

p (+) =gamma(+)*m(+)*v(+)

S(+)=v(+)*t(+)

**************************************************
-S -T Quadrant

ANTI MATTER w (-) k (-) (Negative energy into past)


t(-)= m(+)/E(-)

v (+)=P(-)/E(-)

gamma (-) = E(-)/m(+)

E (-) = gamma (-)*m (+)

p (-) =gamma(-)*m(+)*v(+)

S(-) = v(+)*t(-)


SUPPLEMENTAL STATES

************************************************** ********

-S +T Quadrant

NEGATIVE MATTER w (-) k (+) (Negative Energy into future)


t (+)= m (-)/E (-)

v (-)=P(+))/E(-)

gamma (+) = E(-)/m(-)

E (-) = gamma (+)*m (-)

p (+) =gamma(+)*m(-)*v(-)

S (-) = v (-)*t (+)

**********************************************

+S -T Quadrant

NEGATIVE ANTI MATTER w (+) k (-) (Positive energy into past)

t (-) = m(-)/E(+)

v (-)=P(-)/E(+)

gamma (-) = E(+)/m(-)

E (+) = gamma (-)*m (-)

p (-) =gamma(-)*m(-)*v(-)

S (+) =v (-)*t (-)


**************************************


In essence we describe these four particle state
In terms of energy flow through time.

So we have;


Matter { +E +t}

Antimatter { -E -t} Reinterpreted to {+E +t } all charges reversed


Negative Matter {- E + t}


Negative antimatter {+E -t} Reinterpreted {-E +t }



From this it should be obvious
Why Anti Matter Particles are physical
And the supplemental particles are not.

(to be con't)

[austintorn@aol.com]

However, the basic premise of Klauber and myself are
That these supplemental particles "exist"
In the sense that they form a constituent
Of the virtual processes of QFT.

( All the models make traditional
And supplemental particles
Invisible to each other
Except for momentum transfer
And gravity effects)

When this full set of particle solutions
Are included this way it would appear
That the total energy of the Universe is zero,
A Zero Sum Universe.

This makes sense since the creation
Of baby Universes never results in
A mass energy conservation violation
In the mother Universe
Whether they are created
By Black Holes or Quantum fluctuations.

However, the supplemental particles
Can exist as real particles
In the time reversed Universe
While the Traditional particles
Can only exist as virtual particles
In this same time reversed Universe,
And visa versa.

So we have;

Universe (+T)

Real

Matter {+E+t) Antimatter {-E-t} >>>> {+E+t}

Virtual

Matter {+E+t) Antimatter {-E-t} >>>> {+E+t}

Negative Matter { -E +t} Negative Anti Matter { +E -t} >>> { -E+t}

Universe (-T)

Real
Negative Matter ( -E +t} >>>> {+E -t} Negative Anti Matter { +E -t}

Virtual

Negative Matter ( -E +t} >>>> {+E -t} Negative Anti Matter { +E -t}

Matter {+E+t) >>>> { +E-t} Antimatter {-E--t}

Assuming a similar CP violation process
In both Mirror Universes we would expect
The selection of

+T Universe Matter (Negative Matter in -T Universe)

-T Universe Negative Anti Matter (Anti Matter in the +T Universe)

As the predominate states of real matter.
( Since we have no understanding of where CP violation
Comes from this is the purest handwaving argument)

Based on this we see that we have a BIVERSE where;

psi= C*{ exp[i*S]+exp[-i*S]}

With

S = N*Integral d^4x(+t)d^4x(-t) sqrt [g(+t)]*sqrt[g(-t)] X[ M_plk^2/(16*pi)]*R(+t) +L( phi(+t)) - { M_plk^2/(16*pi)]*R(+t) +L( phi(+t)) }

All of this is based on a fair amount of handwaving
And reliance on theoretical models
That are far from being anything
Like established physics.

So this is all highly speculative.
In truth the behavior of string theory
At the Planck scale
Is not as confidently known
As this post might suggest.

And the veracity of the expanded particle states
Must be viewed a conjecture.
Nevertheless, I think this in an interesting conjecture,
Especially in light of the fact that once again
A cosmological proposal contains a BIVERSE solution.

4-leaf clover

[G_burnett]

for u max, a prior post you made? ... its a long one for educational purposes ... very interesting ... kind regards graham
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=klDU0...eature=channel

[leskey]

IThe Haggadah states…

“The light created at the very beginning is not the same as the light emitted by the Sun, the Moon and the stars, which appeared only on the fourth day. But let me tell you, there’s a different light. The light of the first day was of a sort that would have enabled man to see the world at a glance from one end to the other. Anticipating the wickedness of the sinful generations of the deluge and the Tower of Babel, who were unworthy to enjoy the blessings of such light, God concealed it, but in the world to come it will appear to the pious in all its pristine glory.”
(Apologies for the theological terms as no wish to offend, Haisch views the legend as an allegorical story, it was the passage itself that Haisch found stunning)

...the most fundamental property of matter—inertia.
Rueda’s derivation was that mass becomes, in effect an illusion. Matter resists acceleration, not because it possesses some innate property called mass, as Newton postulated, but because the zero-point field exerts a force whenever acceleration takes place. To put it in somewhat metaphysical terms, there exists a background sea of quantum light (the electromagnetic zero-point field) filling the universe, and that light generates a force that opposes acceleration when you push on any material object. The action of that quantum light is what makes matter the seemingly solid, stable stuff of which we and our world are made. Haisch and Rueda together created a scientific paper called, “Inertia as a zero-point field Lorenz force” which in the scientific community was accepted, criticized and even praised. Together these two scientists, through a NASA funded grant are working on a hypothesis of the Law of Inertia.

Haisch views all ancient esoteric writings on creation as implicating “light” as a key to the creation process and references equivalent to the modern reference to electromagnetic fields and forms of electromagnetic radiation. This is explained quite in-depth in his book which I will not quote here.

The book essentially references the possibility that all references to “light” is to an entirely different universal light radiation that does not originate in the sun, the moon or the stars, but rather in the electromagnetic zero-point field that may be involved in the origin of the properties of matter in a fundamental way. He states there is a clue here—an insight into the creation process itself.

Hi, Pat.

It's been a while since I've posted in your thread. From the prespective of someone who sees parallels between the cosmos and living cells, a couple of terms stood out in Mikal's post...I'll endeavour to be coherent.

From some recent reading, I'm wondering if the zero-point field could be viewed as a resonant cavity of microwave plasma...a perpetually contained alternating electromotive flow (gravitation wave?) of the aetherial 'sea' within, resulting in ratios of pressure to volume displacement (tension) along an axial plane of electrodynamic interface. Resultant tensions rupture the membrane causing nucleation and growth of galaxies (perhaps, similar to the the interruptions and punctuations to the flow of consciousness as it receives and consequentlhy perceives sensory input and creates its own 'reality' of and in time).

Phosphorous is a key component of proteins in DNA replication. Further drawing from phospholipids in cell biology, the theorised 'light' of the zero-point field may be attributable to a universal background phosphorescence.

Is it correct to say light/electro-magnetism is copolymerization?

http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases...1022154644.htm

Dr. Benoit Famaey (Universities of Bonn and Strasbourg) explains: "The dark matter seems to 'know' how the visible matter is distributed. They seem to conspire with each other such that the gravity of the visible matter at the characteristic radius of the dark halo is always the same. This is extremely surprising since one would rather expect the balance between visible and dark matter to strongly depend on the individual history of each galaxy."

...Dr Famaey added, "If we account for our observations with a modified law of gravity, it makes perfect sense to replace the effective action of hypothetical dark matter with a force closely related to the distribution of visible matter."


http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases...0422121220.htm

Farrah's finding that distant ULIRGs are linked with large clumps of dark matter was surprising for another reason. As its name suggests, dark matter doesn't emit light so no conventional telescope can see it. However, because dark matter has mass, its existence can be inferred by the way stars are drawn to regions where this mysterious mass is concentrated.

http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases...0131094056.htm

In Dr Zhao's model, dark energy and dark matter are simply different manifestations of the same thing, which he has considered as a 'dark fluid'. On the scale of galaxies, this dark fluid behaves like matter and on the scale of the Universe overall as dark energy, driving the expansion of the Universe. Importantly, his model, unlike some similar work, is detailed enough to produce the same 3:1 ratio of dark energy to dark matter as is predicted by cosmologists.

Beginnings and endings in a new 'light' - ENJOY!

[Profpat]

Thanks for your post and the links leskey. I like your metaphor of comparing the universe to a living cell.

Best,

Pat

A Brain Cell is the Same as the Universe
Physicists discover that the structure of a brain cell is the same as the entire universe. "Oh God, guide me, protect me; make of me a shining lamp and a ...
sprott.physics.wisc.edu/pickover/pc/brain-universe.html - Cached

[Mikal]

Hi Lesk…your comments are in agreement with the 30 years of study by J. S. Gordon who also sees parallels between the cosmos and living cells.

He states the “aether” or “quantum fluid” or “zero-point energy” is an ethereally plasmic medium.
He states, “the quantum fluid might perhaps be regarded as the terrestrial equivalent of the astrophysicists “Dark Matter of Space”—the quantum fluid, the homogenous substratum of all the earths gases, liquids and minerals (hold the celestial bodies of the galaxies in thrall) it holds the various forms of planetary matter together. It is their very source, their nemesis, a literal reservoir of life force which both gives life and takes it away—all in due season.
It is the medium the animal and plant kingdom’s instincts react to when volcanic or earthquake activity is immanent—just as it is the source of telepathic transmissions, sixth sense, electricity and electromagnetism in general.
Now here is an interesting comment—“Modern man because of the use of his mind and imagination—actually DE-SENSITIZE themselves to the planetary medium whereas the aboriginal natives do not need to intellectualize their experience, they thus avoid the problem. Although this fluid medium is thought of as spiritual in nature, it is in fact a merely psychic substratum of existence. The mystery of this substratum (the aether) and its sympathetically associated related properties concerns the universal sympathetic association, forces of attraction and repulsion plus an understanding of how to bring them together or separate them.
Gordon states, “Our planet is a relatively solid body. It mimics the solar system by having a central generator, also an outer crystal shell (the EM charged ionosphere) which expands and contracts in response to the photoelectric energies emanating from the sun (response in the earths core—gravity) the inference that the earth’s core is not solid or near solid metal but instead one might suggest, THE HIGHLY ENERGISED AND CONCENTRATED BALL OF ELECTRO-MAGNETIC PLASMA, it was from the outset, now concealed by the planetary mantle, undoubtedly rotating upon its own axis and itself capable of responsively cyclical expansion and contraction.”

Concerning gravity and levity he states—the nature of gravity and levity might be defined from one viewpoint as the negatively charged products of the energies emanating from the core and ionosphere, WHEN RETURNING TO THEM, with the planets lower atmosphere being the “zone of interactions which is why gravity is called the weak force and levity not even recognized. However, both of them fluctuate according to the voltage, or electrical pressure in the outer field the ionosphere—the electricity in each being of different quality. But what medium actually connects or correlates these energies since they certainly do not function in a vacuum?
The answer is the aether, the astral light, the quantum field!”

Again a notation that levity is forgotten, discarded, not recognized. Now you guys would have more understanding here than me so what is all this late preoccupation with levity??

(Just for you Prof….don’t worry God fits into this mystery…smiles..)

Regards Mikal

[austintorn@aol.com]

We have found the TAO
That gives rise to the now,
And why superpositions collapse,
Due to gravity, perhaps;

So, who would like to know
How the prime numbers grow?

It’s the greatest secret ever kept
But I know its concept.

[Profpat]

Outside of earth and water how do they grow?

[austintorn@aol.com]

Outside of earth and water how do they grow?

You have to pay a dollar to find out.

[Profpat]

You have to pay a dollar to find out.

American, Canadian or Hong Kong?