RECENTLY, AT BOLTZMANNGASSE 3 IN VIENNA
Institut für Quantenoptik und Quanteninformation
(IQOQI)
Does the moon still exist
When we aren’t looking at it?
Yes.
LOCALITY AND/OR REALISM
(AND ‘IT FROM BIT’?)
One (or both) of these assumptions is
Inadequate to describe the physical world;
However, Bell’s theorem
Does not say which to abandon.
However, lately it has been confirmed
Even more conclusively
By Ziellinger and associates
That entangled particles do not have
Preexisting properties,
Such as polarization,
That are independent
Of any observation.
So, there goes naive realism.
Now, what about at the classical level?
Well, although there, too,
We transform reality, or I could even say,
Create reality, although it’s consistent
Among all individuals,
For we see the same trees
And buildings, for example.
Two particles are called entangled
If they share the same fuzzy quantum state,
Meaning neither of them begins
With definite properties
Such as location or polarization
(Which can be thought of
As a particle’s spatial orientation).
Measure the polarization of one photon,
And it randomly adopts a certain value,
Say, horizontal or vertical;
Oddly, the polarization of the other photon
Will always correlate to that of its partner.
Zeilinger, whose group invented
A common tool for entangling polarization,
Likes to illustrate the idea
By imagining a pair of dice
That always land on matching numbers.
Equally mysterious,
The act of measuring one photon’s polarization
Immediately forces the second photon
To adopt a complementary value.
This change happens instantaneously,
Even if the photons are across the galaxy;
The light-speed limit obeyed
By the rest of the world
Can take a leap,
For all that quantum physics cares.
I’d like to come to the second freedom:
The freedom of nature.
You said that for example
The velocity or the location of a particle
Are only determined at the moment
Of the measurement, and entirely at random.
I maintain: it is so random
That not even God knows the answer.
For me the concept of “information”
Is at the basis of everything we call “nature”.
The moon, the chair, the equation of states,
Anything and everything,
Because we can’t talk about anything
Without de facto speaking about the information
We have of these things;
In this sense the information
Is the basic building block of our world.
In your last book you wrote:
“Laws of nature should make no distinction
Between reality and information.” Why?
We’ve learnt in the natural sciences
That the key to understanding can often be found
If we lift certain dividing lines in our minds.
Newton showed that the apple falls to the ground
According to the same laws
That govern the Moon’s orbit of the Earth.
And with this he made the old differentiation
Between earthly and heavenly phenomena obsolete.
Darwin showed that there is no dividing line
Between man and animal.
And Einstein lifted the line
Dividing space and time.
But in our heads,
We still draw a dividing line
Between “reality” and “knowledge about reality”,
In other words between reality and information.
And you cannot draw this line;
There is no recipe, no process for distinguishing
Between reality and information.
All this thinking and talking about reality
Is about information,
Which is why one should not make a distinction
In the formulation of laws of nature;
Quantum theory, correctly interpreted,
Is information theory.
And can you explain
All these strange quantum phenomena
Conclusively with your information concept?
Not all of them yet, but we’re working on it;
With limitation it works excellently.
How?
I imagine that a quantum system
Can carry only a limited amount of information,
Which is sufficient only for a single measurement.
Let’s come back to the situation of two particles
Colliding like billiard balls,
And in so doing entering a state of limitation.
In terms of information theory that means
That after the collision the entire information
Is smeared over both particles,
Rather than the individual particles
Carrying the information.
And that means the entire information we have
Pertains to the relationship
Between both particles;
For that reason, by measuring the first particle
I can anticipate the speed of the second,
But the speed of the first particle is entirely random.
Because the information isn’t sufficient.
Exactly. Its randomness is ultimately
A consequence of the
Finiteness of the information.